Clinical characterization and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli in pediatric patients with urinary tract infection at a third level hospital of Quito, Ecuador / Caracterización clínica y resistencia antimicrobiana de Escherichia coli en pacientes pediátricos con infección del tracto urinario en un hospital de tercer nivel en Quito, Ecuador

Abstract: Background: Urinary tract infections (UTI) are among the most common infections in pediatric patients. The main etiopathogenic agent is Escherichia coli. The purpose of this study was to determine the antimicrobial resistance pattern of E. coli in pediatric patients and to understand their main clinical and laboratory manifestations. Methods: Fifty-nine patients were included in the study and classified into two groups: hospitalization (H) and external consultation (EC). Every patient presented urine cultures with the isolation of E. coli that included an antibiogram. Clinical signs and symptoms, urinalysis, complete blood count (CBC) and serum inflammatory markers were analyzed. Results: The most common clinical manifestations were fever (H: 76.5%; EC: 88%), vomiting (H: 32.4%; EC: 32%), hyporexia (H: 20.6%; EC: 16%), abdominal pain (H: 20.6%: EC: 28%), and dysuria (H: 14.7%; EC: 32%). Ten patients (16.95%) presented UTI for extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) E. coli. Ampicillin, nalidixic acid, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole showed a higher resistance rate, being ampicillin the most significant (H: 88.2%; EC: 92%). Leukocyturia, bacteriuria and urine nitrites were frequent alterations in urinalysis (H: 52.9%; EC: 92%). In ESBL E. coli patients, a positive correlation was found between leukocytes in CBC and C-reactive protein (r = 0.9, p < 0.01). Diarrhea and foul-smelling urine were associated with E. coli resistance. Conclusions: The presence of leukocytes, bacteria, nitrites and the Gram stain are the most common indicators. Nitrofurantoin and phosphomycin are good therapeutic options. However, an antibiogram must be conducted to determine the best therapeutic agent.

Resumen: Introducción: Las infecciones de tracto urinario (ITU) se encuentran entre las más frecuentes en pediatría, siendo Escherichia coli el principal agente etiopatogénico. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el patrón de resistencia antimicrobiana de E. coli en pacientes pediátricos y conocer sus principales manifestaciones clínicas y de laboratorio. Métodos: Se incluyeron en el estudio 59 pacientes en dos grupos: hospitalización (H) y consulta externa (CE). En cada uno se realizó un urocultivo y un antibiograma con aislamiento de E. coli. Se analizaron signos y síntomas, uroanálisis, hemograma y marcadores séricos de inflamación. Resultados: Las manifestaciones clínicas más frecuentes fueron fiebre (H: 76.5%; CE: 88%), vómito (H: 32.4%; CE: 32%), hiporexia (H: 20.6%; CE: 16%), dolor abdominal (H: 20.6%: CE: 28%) y disuria (H: 14.7%; CE: 32%). Diez pacientes (16.95%) presentaron ITU por E. coli beta-lactamasa de espectro extendido (BLEE). La ampicilina, ácido nalidíxico y trimetroprim con sulfametoxazol mostraron alta resistencia, siendo ampicilina la más significativa (H: 88.2%, CE: 92%). Leucocituria, bacteriuria y nitritos en orina fueron frecuentes en el uroanálisis. En pacientes con E. coli BLEE se encontró una correlación positiva entre los leucocitos y la proteína C reactiva (r = 0.9, p < 0.01). La diarrea y el mal olor en la orina se asociaron con resistencia de E. coli. Conclusiones: La leucocituria, la bacteriuria, los nitritos y la tinción Gram son los indicadores más frecuentes de ITU. La nitrofurantoina y fosfomicina son buenas opciones terapéuticas. Sin embargo, debe realizarse un antibiograma para determinar el mejor tratamiento.

Resistencia bacteriana de cultivos de orina en un hospital oncológico: seguimiento a diez años / Bacterial resistance from urine cultures at an oncological center: follow-up to 10 years

Resumen: Objetivo: Describir los patrones de resistencia bacteriana en cultivos de orina de pacientes de un hospital oncológico en la Ciudad de México, de 2004 a 2013. Material y métodos: Se obtuvo el porcentaje de susceptibilidad para diferentes antibióticos, describiendo por separado las bacterias multidrogorresistentes (MDR). Se analizaron por separado las cepas obtenidas de pacientes hospitalizados de las de la comunidad. Resultados: Se realizaron 51 202 cultivos, de los cuales se identificaron 14 480 bacterias (28.3%). De éstas, se reportaron 11 427 Gram negativos (78.9%); 2 080 Gram positivos (14.4%); y 973 (6.6%) levaduras. Escherichia coli fue el principal microorganismo aislado (56.1%); 24% de las cepas de la comunidad y 66% de las nosocomiales fueron productoras de beta-lactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE). Klebsiella pneumoniae se identificó en 705 cultivos (4.8%), 115 de los cuales fueron BLEE (16%): 13.1% de la comunidad y 29.8% nosocomiales. Pseudomonas aeruginosa se identificó en 593 cultivos (4.1%): 9% de la comunidad y 51% nosocomiales. Conclusiones: Las cepas MDR son mucho más frecuentes en muestras de origen nosocomial. Es prioritario intensificar el uso racional de antibióticos en la comunidad y el programa de desescalamiento de antimicrobianos en el hospital.

Abstract: Objective: To describe the incidence and patterns of bacterial resistance in urine samples from a tertiary care oncology hospital in Mexico, from 2004 to 2013. Materials and methods: We included the strains obtained from urine cultures, describing separately multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. We analyzed the susceptibility to different antibiotics. Results: 51 202 urine cultures were processed during the study; 14 480 (28.3%) cultures were positive. In 11 427 samples Gram negative (79%) were isolated, 2 080 Gram positive (14.4%), and 973 yeasts (6.6%). Escherichia coli was the most frequent bacteria identified (56.1%); 24% of the community strains and 65.7% of the nosocomial were extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producers (ESBL). Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated in 705 samples (4.8%); 115 were ESBL (16%), 13.1% from community and 29.8% from nosocomial source. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was identified in 593 cultures (4.1%): 9% from community and 51% nosocomial. Conclusions: MDR bacteria were more frequent in nosocomial isolates. It should be a priority to intensify the rational use of antimicrobials in the community and antibiotic stewardship in the hospital.

Urinary tract infection and indwelling urinary catheters: prospective study in gynecological surgery with antibiotic prophylaxis / Infecção do trato urinário e cateter vesical de demora: um estudo prospectivo em cirurgia ginecológica com antibioticoprofilaxia

ABSTRACT CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVES: Urinary tract infections are the most common cause of hospital-acquired infections, and the use of indwelling urinary catheters is a predisposing factor for their development. The aims of this study were to estimate the frequency of pre and postoperative bacteriuria, identify the microorganisms involved, count the colony-forming units, determine the antibiotic sensitivity profile and compare the results from pre and postoperative urinalyses among women undergoing gynecological surgery with implantation of a urinary catheter. DESIGN AND SETTING: Non-controlled prospective observational single-cohort epidemiological study carried out at a university hospital. METHODS: Urine samples were collected before and 24 hours after catheterization for urinalysis, culturing and antibiotic sensitivity testing. Pre and postoperative urinalyses were compared using Wilcoxon and McNemar non-parametric tests. RESULTS: Fifty-one women participated in the study. Escherichia coligrew in six preoperative samples (11.8%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae in one (1.9%), but bacterial growth did not occur in any postoperative sample. Urinalysis showed lower number of pus cells in the postoperative urine samples (P < 0.05). There were no differences in red blood cell counts or in the nitrite and leukocyte esterase tests, between the samples. CONCLUSION: Bacteriuria was found in 13.7% of the preoperative samples. Gram-negative bacteria sensitive to most antibiotics were identified. In the postoperative samples, no bacterial growth was observed. Urinalysis only showed significant reduction of leukocyturia in the postoperative period.

RESUMO CONTEXTO E OBJETIVOS: As infecções urinárias são a causa mais comum de infecções hospitalares, e o uso de cateteres de demora é fator predisponente para o seu desenvolvimento. Os objetivos deste estudo foram estimar a frequência de bacteriúria pré e pós-operatória, identificar os germes encontrados, a contagem de unidades formadoras de colônias e o perfil de sensibilidade aos antibióticos, além de comparar os resultados dos exames de urina pré- e pós-operatórios em mulheres submetidas a cirurgias ginecológicas com cateterismo vesical. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo epidemiológico, observacional, de coorte única, prospectivo, não controlado, realizado em hospital universitário. MÉTODOS: Amostras de urina foram colhidas antes da cateterização e após 24 horas para urinálise, cultura e antibiograma. Os resultados da urinálise no pré- e pós-operatório foram comparados utilizando-se os testes não paramétricos de Wilcoxon e McNemar. RESULTADOS: Participaram do estudo 51 mulheres. Houve crescimento de Escherichia coli em seis amostras pré-operatórias (11,8%) e deKlebsiella pneumoniae em uma (1,9%), mas não houve crescimento bacteriano em nenhuma amostra pós-operatória. A urinálise mostrou menor quantidade de piócitos na amostra de urina pós-cirúrgica (P < 0,05). Não houve diferença quanto ao número de hemácias e às reações para nitrito e leucocitesterase, entre as amostras. CONCLUSÃO: Houve bacteriúria em 13,7% das amostras pré-operatórias, sendo identificadas bactérias Gram-negativas sensíveis à maioria dos antibióticos. Não foi observado crescimento bacteriano nas amostras pós-operatórias. A urinálise mostrou somente redução significativa da leucocitúria no pós-operatório.

¿Está indicada la profilaxis antibiótica con ciprofloxacino en la realización de cistoscopia flexible? / Usefulness of antimicrobial prophylaxis with ciprofloxacin prior to flexible cystoscopy

Background: Flexible cystoscopy is a common test in clinical practice done with or without antibiotic prophylaxis. Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis with ciprofloxacin to reduce the incidence of urinary infection. Material and Methods: Prospective, non-randomized observational study that included 60 patients divided into two groups. Group 1 received prophylactic ciprofloxacin 500 mg, one hour prior to the procedure and group 2 did not receive prophylaxis. The presence of bacteriuria, symptoms or signs of urinary infection or attending Emergency rooms or primary care for these symptoms were recorded during the seven days after the cystoscopy. Results: In groups 1 and 2, four and one patients had a positive urine culture, respectively. Only one patient in group 1 consulted in primary care for symptoms. No significant differences in symptoms or signs of urinary infection between groups were observed. Conclusions: In this group of patients, antibiotic prophylaxis with ciprofloxacin 500 mg prior to cystoscopy had no benefit.

Infección de las vías urinarias: prevalencia, sensibilidad antimicrobiana y factores de riesgo asociados en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 / Urinary tract infection: prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and associated risk factors in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

Objetivos: determinar la prevalencia de infección de vías urinarias, la sensibilidad antimicrobiana y los factores de riesgo asociados en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Métodos: estudio descriptivo, transversal y prospectivo, a 300 pacientes con diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus tipo 2, seleccionados mediante muestreo no probabilístico. Se aplicó ficha de identificación, y se realizó diagnóstico clínico y microbiológico de infección de vías urinarias. El análisis estadístico se realizó a través de razón de momios, intervalos de confianza y chi cuadrado, con el programa estadístico SPSS versión 17. Resultados: el porcentaje total de infección de vías urinarias fue de 17 por ciento, y se presentó 12,5 por ciento de bacteriuria asintomática y 38,4 por ciento de bacteriuria sintomática (p= 0,000; OR= 4,38; IC 95 por ciento 2,09-8,99). Se obtuvo una prevalencia de infección de vías urinarias de 6,5 por ciento para hombres y 22,8 por ciento para mujeres (p= 0,000; OR= 4,22; IC 95 por ciento 1,78-11,51). Escherichia coli se aisló en 68,6 por ciento, seguido de Klebsiella spp. en 13,7 por ciento. En relación con la sensibilidad a los antibióticos, E. coli presentó 74,3 por ciento de resistencia a la ciprofloxacina y 68,6 por ciento a la ampicilina. Conclusiones: E. coli y Klebsiella spp. fueron las bacterias de mayor prevalencia, con porcentajes altos de resistencia a la ampicilina y la cefalosporina, 2 de los antimicrobianos mayormente utilizados en estos procesos. De los factores de riesgo analizados, solo el sexo se asoció a infección de vías urinarias en el paciente diabético(AU)

Objectives: to determine the prevalence of urinary tract infection, antimicrobial resistance and associated risk factors in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Methods: prospective, descriptive and cross-sectional study conducted in 300 patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus and selected by non-probabilistic sampling. The identification card was used and the clinical and microbiological diagnosis of urinary tract infection was performed. The statistical analysis used the SPSS statistical program version 17 through the odds ratio, the confidence intervals and the chi square test. Results: total percentage of urinary tract infection was 17 percent, asymptomatic bacteriuria reached 12.5 percent and symptomatic 38.4 percent (p= 0.000; OR= 4.38; IC 95 percent 2.09-8.99). The prevalence of urinary tract infection was 6.5 percent for men and 22.8 percent for women (p= 0.000; OR= 4.22; IC 95 percent 1.78-11.51). Escherichia coli was isolated in 68.6 percent of cases, followed by Klebsiella spp. in 13.7 percent. Regarding the antimicrobial resistance, E. coli exhibited 74.3 percent resistance to ciprofloxacin and 68.6 percent to ampicillin. Conclusions: E. coli and Klebsiella spp. were the preponderant bacteria with high percentages of resistance to ampicillin and to cephalosporin, two of the mostly used antimicrobials to control these processes. Sex was the only risk factor associated to urinary tract infection in the diabetic patient(AU)

Frequency, urinllysis and susceptibility profil of pathogens causing urinary ttract infections in enugu state, southeast Nigeria / Perfil da frequencia, analise urinaria e suscetibilidade de patogenos causando infeccoes do trato urinario no estado de Enugu, Sudeste da Nigeria

Objective: This study was designed to determine the frequency and causative agent(s) of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in individuals with symptoms of urinary tract infections in Enugu State of Southeast Nigeria, and to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of microbial agents isolated from urine culture. Methods: The study involved 211 individuals (149 females and 62 males) clinically suspected for UTI. Urine samples were collected by the mid-stream ‘clean catch' method and tested using standard procedures. Antibiotic susceptibility of the isolated pathogens was tested using the Kirby-Bauer technique according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Results: Microscopy of centrifuged urine samples showed 16 patients had pyuria while 54 had pus cells. Calcium oxalate crystals were found in 14 samples. Urinalysis performed with urine samples showed 17 had protein; seven were nitrite positive and three had moderate to high glucose concentration. Fifty-four urine samples (36.2%) from females and 12 (19.4%) from males showed significant growth upon culture. Gram stain and biochemical tests identified nine different organisms with Escherichia coli as the most common isolated species. Forty three randomly selected strains were further tested for their susceptibility against a panel of antibiotics. Thirty isolates (81.08%) were resistant to four or more antibiotics with the highest resistance shown by E. coli (76.67%). All the Gram- negative isolates were resistant to Ampicilox, Cefuroxime and Amoxicillin. Conclusion: Urinary tract infections were found more in females in the area under study. As found in other studies, E. coli was the most predominant isolate, although other organisms seem to be on the increase.

Objetivo: O estudo teve como objetivo determinar a frequência e agentes causadores das infecções do trato urinário (UTIs) em indivíduos com sintomas desta infecção no estado de Enugu, Sudeste da Nigéria e determinar a suscetibilidade antibiótica dos agentes microbianos isolados de cultura da urina. Métodos: O estudo envolveu 211 indivíduos (149 mulheres e 62 homens) clinicamente suspeitos para UTI. Amostras urinárias foram coletadas pelo método de meia corrente “clean catch” e testados por procedimentos standards. Suscetibilidade aos antibióticos dos patógenos isolados foi testada usando a técnica de Kirby-Bauer e de acordo com as diretrizes do “Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute” (CLSI). Resultados: Microscopia das amostras de urina centrifugadas mostraram que 16 pacientes tinham piúria enquanto que 54 tinham células do pus. Cristais de oxalato de cálcio foram encontrados em 14 amostras. Análise de amostras da urina mostraram que 17 tinham proteína; sete eram positivas para nitrito e três tinham concentração de glicose de moderada para alta. Cinquenta e quatro amostras de urina (36.2% de mulheres) e 12 (19.45% de homens) mostraram crescimento significante após cultura. Coloração pelo Gram e testes bioquímicos identificaram nove organismos diferentes com a Escherichia coli sendo a mais comum das espécies isoladas. Quarenta e três espécies selecionadas ao acaso foram testadas posteriormente para sua suscetibilidade contra um painel de antibióticos. Trinta amostras isoladas (81.08%) foram resistentes a quatro ou mais antibióticos sendo que a maior resistência foi da E. coli (76.67%). Todas as amostras Gram negativas isoladas foram resistentes a Ampicilox, Cefuroxime e Amoxicilina.

Histopathological kidney alterations in rats naturally infected with Leptospira / Alteraciones histopatológicas en ratas naturalmente infectadas con Leptospira

Introduction: Histopathological changes by Leptospira in naturally infected rodent reservoirs have been poorly described. Objective: The aim of the current study is to describe renal histopathology associated with leptospirosis infection of naturally infected rodents captured in the urban area of the city of Medellin, Colombia. Materials and methods: We performed hematoxilin-eosin (H-E) on kidney samples collected from 254 captured rodents. The positive samples were processed by Warthin Starry (W-S) staining and PCR- LipL 32. Results: Fifty one rodent kidneys showed H-E histopathological changes that consisted of inflammatory infiltrate with lympho-plasmocitary cells and histiocytes. We performed W-S staining and PCR- LipL 32 to 67 kidney samples, including the 51 that had shown detectable changes by H-E and 16 (8%) of 203 rodents with negative results. Eight of the samples that tested positive for H-E (15.7%) were also positive for W-S staining. All negative for H-E were also negative for W-S staining. Of the W-S positive samples also tested for culture only three tested positive for both. Additionally, 47 (92.1%) samples positive for H-E were positive for PCR; while eleven of the 16 (68.8%) negative for H-E were positive for PCR. The samples positive for PCR were subsequently tested for culture and 11 (23.4%) were positive. Seven samples were positive for PCR and W-S and three were positive for PCR, W-S and culture. All of the PCR- LipL 32 fragments were sequenced and showed specific amplicons for L. interrogans . Conclusions: The Leptospira infection was confirmed in all of the animals tested. The only histological kidney lesion attributable to leptospiral infection in the reservoir was interstitial nephritis.

Introducción. Los hallazgos histopatológicos ocasionados por Leptospira spp. han sido poco estudiados en poblaciones de roedores naturalmente infectados. Objetivo. Describir la histopatología renal asociada con las infecciones naturalmente adquiridas en un grupo de roedores capturados en el área urbana de Medellín, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se llevaron a cabo coloraciones de hematoxilina y eosina de los riñones de 254 roedores recolectados en el área de estudio. Las muestras positivas se procesaron con la coloración de Warthin-Starry y mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR)-LipL32. Results. Se observaron cambios histopatológicos con hematoxilina y eosina en 51 riñones de roedores, que consistieron en infiltrado inflamatorio con linfoplasmocitos e histiocitos. Se utilizó coloración de Warthin-Starry y PCR-LipL32 en 67 muestras de riñón que incluyeron las 51 muestras que tuvieron cambios detectables por hematoxilina y eosina y 16 de 203 (8 %) muestras con resultados negativos. Ocho de las muestras positivas por hematoxilina y eosina (15,7 %) también fueron positivas por la coloración de Warthin-Starry. Las muestras negativas por hematoxilina y eosina (8 %) también fueron negativas con la coloración de Warthin-Starry. Tres de las ocho muestras positivas por esta última, también lo fueron por cultivo. Además, 47 (92,1 %) muestras positivas por hematoxilina y eosina fueron positivas por PCR. Del grupo de 16 negativos por hematoxilina y eosina, 11 (68,8 %) fueron positivos por PCR. De las muestras positivas por PCR, 11 también lo fueron por cultivo (23,4 %). Siete muestras fueron positivas por PCR y Warthin-Starry y tres lo fueron por PCR, Warthin-Starry y cultivo. Todos los fragmentos de la PCR-LipL32 fueron secuenciados y mostraron secuencias específicas de L. interrogans . Conclusiones. Se confirmó la infección por Leptospira y la única lesión presente en el reservorio atribuible fue la nefritis intersticial.

Valor predictivo del urocultivo en el diagnóstico de las complicaciones obstétricas y neonatales, en gestantes adolescentes y añosas atendidas en el INMP, durante el 2011 / Predictive value of urine culture in the diagnosis of obstetric and neonatal complications in adolescents and old pregnant women treated at the Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal

Objetivo: el presente estudio, busca determinar el valor predictivo del urocultivo en el diagnóstico de las complicaciones obstétricas y neonatales, en gestantes adolescentes y añosas. Material y Métodos: estudio retrospectivo, transversal, observacional, tipo caso y control. Se revisó, 453 historias clínicas y datos de recién nacidos de gestantes atendidas en el Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal, durante el per¡odo Enero – Diciembre, 2011. Se redujo la muestra a 338 historias, para mantener una relación 1:2 para caso y control. Se excluyó, a las pacientes con patología crónica o gestacional, aquellas con edades entre 20 y 34 años, y las que no tuvieron un urocultivo en su control prenatal. Los casos fueron identificados a través del urocultivo patológico (grupo 1) y el grupo control (grupo 2) con urocultivo normal. Resultados: de las 338 pacientes estudiadas, 160 eran gestantes adolescentes y 178 gestantes añosas. Del total, 76 presentaron complicaciones obstétricas (Grupo 1: 61 y Grupo 2: 15; p≤0.001) y 46 presentaron complicaciones en el recién nacido (Grupo 1: 34 y Grupo 2: 12; p ≤0.001). Siendo, las más afectadas las gestantes adolescentes. Conclusiones: las pacientes con urocultivo patológico, especialmente en el segundo trimestre; presentaron con mayor probabilidad ruptura prematura de membranas, amenaza de parto pretérmino, recién nacido pequeño para edad gestacional, restricción del crecimiento intrauterino, depresión neonatal y parto pretérmino. Asimismo, la presencia de un urocultivo normal, se considera factor protector para las complicaciones antes mencionadas. Siendo las gestantes adolescentes las más afectadas.

Objective: this study aims to determine the predictive value of urine culture in the diagnosis of obstetric and neonatal complications in pregnant adolescents and aged pregnant women. Material and Methods. A retrospective, cross-sectional observational, case and control study. We reviewed 453 medical records and data of newborns of pregnant women at the National Perinatal Maternal Institute, during the period January to December 2011. The sample was reduced to 338 stories, to maintain a 1:2 ratio for cases and controls. Exclusion criteria were patients with chronic or gestational diseases, those aged between 20 and 34 years, and those who did not have a urine culture in prenatal care. Cases were identified through pathological urine culture (group 1) and control group (group 2) with standard urine culture. Results: of the 338 patients studied, 160 were pregnant adolescents and 178 aged pregnant women. Of the total, 76 had obstetric complications (Group 1: 61 and Group 2: 15, P ≤ 0.001) and 46 had complications in the newborn (Group 1: 34 and Group 2: 12, P ≤ 0.001). Pregnant teens were the most affected. Conclusions: Patients with pathological urine culture, especially in the second quarter, had more probability of premature rupture of membranes, preterm labor, a newborn small for gestational age, intrauterine growth restriction, preterm delivery and neonatal depression. Also, a normal urine culture is a protective factor for the above mentioned complications. Pregnant teens being the most affected.

Prevalence of urinary tract infection in diabetic patients and identification of the causal microorganisms

Urinary tract infection [UTI] is a condition in which the urinary tract is infected with a pathogen causing inflammation. One of the predisposing factors for UTIs is diabetes mellitus [DM], spillage of glucose into the urine provide a good culture medium for bacteria. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the distribution of UTIs among diabetic patients of both genders with studying the effect of some relative factors, and identifying types of the causal microorganisms. Diabetic patients [type1 and 2], from both genders were included in this study. All patients were interviewed. Uncontaminated urine samples were collected for micro-scopic and macroscopic analysis. Isolations and identifications of bacteria were done by standard methods. Out of 150 diabetic patients, 53 [35.33%] have UTI. Gender, middle age and high level of proteinuria were risk factors, while type and duration of DM with its type of treatment, body mass index [BMI], and hypertension were non significant. The isolated types of pathogens were Escherichia coli [45.3%], Klebsiella pneumoniae [15.1%], Staphylococcus saprophyticus [15.1%], Citrobacter diversus [11.3%], Candida albicans [7.5%] and Staphylococcus aureus [5.7%]. This study revealed that diabetic females were most susceptible to get UTIs than diabetic males. In both genders the most reliable age for UTI were between 31-40 years. The results showed that the level of proteinuria was higher in patients suffering from UTIs associated with DM, which considered as a risk factor. Certain types of microorganisms were isolated; the most common types were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus saprophyticus

Changing patterns in sensitivity of bacterial uropathogens to antibiotics in children

To determine the sensitivity/resistance of bacterial uropathogens to antibiotics in children and evaluate the changing pattern of their sensitivity over a six years period. Medical records of children between two moths to 14 years of age who admitted with symptomatic urinary tract infection were studied in two periods: First from 2006 to 2007 and the second from 2000 to 2001 in Children's Hospital of Tabriz/Iran. The sensitivity patterns of uropathogens were compared between two periods of study. The most frequently isolated germs were E.Coli, klebsiella, enterobacter, pseudomonas aeroginosa and proteus in a descending order. In study of 2006-2007: Among the oral agents, nitrofurantoin and ciprofloxacin, and among the parenteral agents, amikacin and gentamicin had the highest activity against E.coli. The highest sensitivity of klebsiella was to ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, cefixime, and amikacin in a descending order. The activity of ceftriaxone, ceftizoxime, nalidixic acid and cephalexin against E.coli has decreased significantly over six years [P<0.05]. Also the activity of ceftriaxone, ceftizoxime, gentamicin, amikacin and nalidixic acid against klebsiella has decreased in comparison with results of six years ago [P<0.05]. There was not any significant difference in sensitivity of enterobacter and pseudomonas with results of six years ago. Increasing resistance of uropathogens to third generation cephalosporines and aminoglycosides raises an alarm for widespread use of these life saving drugs. The guidelines for empiric treatment of UTI should be revaluated periodically based on local studies

Association between periurethral colonization with uropathogens and subsequent bacteriuria in catheterized patients

To determine the number of catheterized patients who develop bacteriuria due to the presence of organisms in their periurethral flora, which may subsequently cause Urinary Tract Infection [UTI] in these patients. Non-interventional, cohort study. This study was conducted on patients of Medical Intensive Care, Surgical and Urology Units of Combined Military Hospital, Lahore, from February to April 2006. A total of 60 hospitalized patients, who were catheterized for various underlying diseases, were included in the study. Urine samples and periurethral swabs were obtained from all patients and cultured on appropriate culture media. Various tests used for the identification of microorganisms were: Gram-staining, catalase test, coagulase test and esculin hydrolysis for the identification of Gram-positive bacteria, API 20e for Gram-negative bacilli, whereas lactophenol blue preparation and germ tube test were used for the identification of yeasts. Out of 60 patients, 41[68.3%] were males and 19 [31.7%] were females. The mean duration of catheterization was 4.5 days. In males, culture of periurethral swabs revealed coagulase negative staphylococci in 11 [40.7%], Staphylococcus aureus in 10 [37%] and Enterococcus fecalis in 3 [11.1%] patients. In females, the organisms isolated were coagulase negative staphylococci in 4 [25%], Staphylococcus aureus in 4 [25%], Enterococcus fecalis in 4 [25%], Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 2 [12.5%], Escherichia coli in 3 [18.6%] and Candida albicans in 3 [18.6%] patients. Twenty nine patients developed bacteriuria [p < 0.05]. Escherichia coli was the commonest organism causing bacteriuria in either gender followed by other Gram-negative organisms. Coagulase negative Staphylococcus was isolated in the urine of one male patient only. In males, 2 [10%] out of 20 patients with Gram-negative bacteriuria were colonized by the same organism, whereas in females, 4 [44.4%] out of 9 bacteriuric patients were colonized by the same organism. Predominantly Gram-positive organisms colonized the periurethral area in males as well as in the majority of females, whereas Gram-negative bacteria were mainly responsible for the bacteriuria in both genders. There was a significant association between periurethral colonization and subsequent bacteriuria, however, prior colonization with a particular organism is not a decisive event in the initiation of bacteriuria

Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms of Escherichia coli Isolates from Urinary Specimens / 대한진단검사의학회지

BACKGROUND: This study was designed to characterize urinary isolates of Escherichia coli that produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) and to determine the prevalence of other antimicrobial resistance genes. METHODS: A total of 264 non-duplicate clinical isolates of E. coli were recovered from urine specimens in a tertiary-care hospital in Busan in 2005. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by disk diffusion and agar dilution methods, ESBL production was confirmed using the double-disk synergy (DDS) test, and antimicrobial resistance genes were detected by direct sequencing of PCR amplification products. E. coli isolates were classified into four phylogenetic biotypes according to the presence of chuA, yjaA, and TSPE4. RESULTS: DDS testing detected ESBLs in 27 (10.2%) of the 264 isolates. The most common type of ESBL was CTX-M-15 (N=14), followed by CTX-M-3 (N=8) and CTX-M-14 (N=6). All of the ESBL-producing isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin. PCR experiments detected genes encoding DHA-1 and CMY-10 AmpC beta-lactamases in one and two isolates, respectively. Also isolated were 5 isolates harboring 16S rRNA methylases, 2 isolates harboring Qnr, and 19 isolates harboring AAC(6')-Ib-cr. Most ESBL-producing isolates clustered within phylogenetic groups B2 (N=14) and D (N=7). CONCLUSION: CTX-M enzymes were the dominant type of ESBLs in urinary isolates of E. coli, and ESBL-producing isolates frequently contained other antimicrobial resistance genes. More than half of the urinary E. coli isolates harboring CTX-M enzymes were within the phylogenetic group B2.

Asymptomatic bacteriuria among pregnant women referred to outpatient clinics in Sanandaj, Iran

OBJECTIVES: Determine the prevalence of asymptomatic urinary tract infection (AUTI) among pregnant women. We also determined the antibacterial susceptibility of the isolates to various antibiotics and associated risk factors in AUTI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One thousand five hundred and five consecutive pregnant women were included in the study. Mid-stream urine specimen for complete examination of urine was obtained. RESULTS: Of 1505 pregnant women, 134 (8.9 percent) had bacteriuria. The mean age of the all the pregnant women included in the study was 28.40 years with a standard deviation of 6.16. Age ranged from 15 to 45 years of age. The urine culture of the asymptomatic pregnant women (1505 cases) showed growth in only 134 cases (8.9 percent). Escherichia coli was the commonest organism 79 (58.96 percent) followed by CN Staphylococcus 22 (16.8 percent) and S aureus 18 (13.43 percent). Escherichia coli, which comprised 58.96 percent (79) of the isolates, were 88.62 percent, 87.35 percent, and 83.55 percent sensitive to cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin and cefotizoxime respectively. Similarly, E. coli were 89 percent, 70 percent, and 20 percent resistant to ampicillin, cotrimoxazole, and nitrofurantoin respectively (OR 1.57 95 percent CI 1.01, 2.44). After analyzing, four variables, hemoglobin levels seem to be independently associated with asymptomatic bacteriuria (OR = 9.41 (1.65-50.38). CONCLUSION: Prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria among pregnant women was 8.9 percent. The predominant organisms were Escherichia coli 79 (58.96 percent), followed by CN Staphylococcus 22 (16.8 percent). Most strains of Escherichia coli showed that they were resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline and gentamicin.

Evaluation of urinalysis parameters to predict urinary-tract infection

We evaluated the performance of automated-flow cytometry, urinalysis dipsticks and microscopic urine sediment analysis as predictors of urinary tract infection. Urine cultures were used as a reference method for comparison. Six-hundred-seventy-five urine samples from hospitalized and not hospitalized patients attended at Hospital Mãe de Deus, Porto Alegre, in south Brazil, were included in the study. Among the individual measures analyzed, intense bacteriuria in the microscopic analysis of urinary sediment gave an accuracy of 92.9 percent. A combination between intense bacteriuria (microscopic analysis) and >20 leukocytes per µL of urine (flow cytometry) gave a higher accuracy (97.3 percent). We conclude that though it is laborious, microscopic urinalysis is a good analytical tool. Taken together with flow cytometry and dipsticks, we obtained a clinically-acceptable prediction of urinary-tract infection.

Infecções do trato urinário: análise da freqüência e do perfil de sensibilidade dos agentes causadores de infecções do trato urinário em pacientes com cateterização vesical crônica / Analysis of the frequency and antimicrobial susceptibilities to urinary tract infections agents in chronic catheterized patients

INTRODUÇÃO: As infecções do trato urinário (ITU) ganharam maior importância entre as infecções hospitalares, principalmente a relacionada à sondagem vesical crônica (80 por cento de todas as ITU). OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a freqüência e o perfil de sensibilidade dos agentes causadores de ITU em pacientes cronicamente sondados em acompanhamento ambulatorial. MÉTODO: Dividido em duas etapas: coleta de dados laboratoriais com análises do perfil de sensibilidade dos agentes encontrados por laminocultivo e de prontuários, sendo instituída uma correlação clinicolaboratorial com os dados dos pacientes. RESULTADOS: A amostra do trabalho foi de 109 pacientes, com uma análise de 858 culturas das quais 674 (78,57 por cento) foram positivas. Em relação às culturas de urina, os agentes etiológicos mais comuns encontrados foram a Pseudomonas aeruginosa (42,77 por cento - 288 amostras), seguida por Escherichia coli (13,14 por cento - 89 amostras) e Candida sp. (7,68 por cento - 52 amostras). Segundo as medicações orais de escolha para o tratamento ambulatorial, a sensibilidade do norfloxacino para bacilos gram-negativos variou de 40 por cento a 44,34 por cento e do ciprofloxacino de 35,13 por cento a 51,37 por cento. Os principais fatores de risco foram tempo de cateterização, idade e diagnóstico de base. DISCUSSÃO: A faixa etária predominante dos pacientes foi a da sétima década de vida, o tempo de sondagem foi inferior a três anos e o diagnóstico de base principal a hiperplasia prostática benigna (HPB). O perfil de sensibilidade para os bacilos gram-negativos mostrou uma sensibilidade variável perante antibióticos indicados para a ITU. CONCLUSÃO: Concluímos em nosso estudo que n = 674 (78,57 por cento) das uroculturas dos pacientes sondados são positivas para bactérias ou fungos. O agente mais freqüente de ITU nesses pacientes é a Pseudomonas aeruginosa, seguida da Escherichia coli, o segundo agente mais freqüente.

BACKGROUND: Urinary tract infections (UTI) are gaining a new role of importance in nosocomial infections. The main reason for this increase is the huge number of chronic catheterized patients (corresponding to 80 percent of all UTI). OBJECTIVES: Analysis of the frequency and antimicrobial susceptibilities to urinary tract infections agents in chronic catheterized patients in outpatient setting. METHOD: Urine cultures of 109 patients mentioned above were analyzed and if positive, it was collected the patient conditions that leads to UTI, the causative agents and the antimicrobial susceptibilities. RESULTS: From the 858 urine cultures analyzed from 109 patients, 674 (78.57 percent) were positive for pathogens growth. The most common microorganisms found were the Gram-negative bacilli with 618 (92.38 percent) cultures in which Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found in 288 (42.77 percent) of them, followed by Escherichia coli with 89 (13.14 percent) cultures, antibiotic susceptibilities to norfloxacin was 40 percent-44.34 percent and to ciprofloxacin was 35.13 percent-51.37 percent, main choice to oral treatment. The main predisposed condition for the infection in these patients was: time of catheterization, age and diagnosis. DISCUSSION: In this study, it was determined that conditions predisposed towards UTI are fundamental for orientation, medical treatment and care in the catheterization. The data collection showed that 674 (78.57 percent) of these patients had infections, with great incidence in the first and second years. CONCLUSION: The non-fermentative Gram-negative bacilli were the most common agents that differentiate them from the infections within the community in which the most frequent agent is Escherichia coli (which was the second agent in this study).

Nitrito urinário e infecção do trato urinário por cocos gram-positivos / Urinary nitrite and urinary-tract infection by gram-positive cocci

INTRODUÇÃO: A infecção do trato urinário (ITU) é uma das mais comuns na clínica médica. Os testes que utilizam tiras reagentes detectam significativamente mais infecções por bactérias gram-negativas do que por espécies gram-positivas, uma vez que o teste de nitrito não revela a presença de patógenos gram-positivos em muitos casos. OBJETIVOS: Explorar a microbiologia e a freqüência de infecção urinária por cocos em adultos sintomáticos, relacionando-as com o resultado de nitrito urinário, para traçar o perfil epidemiológico desses pacientes. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Um estudo retrospectivo foi conduzido na Secretaria de Saúde do município de Maringá-PR, no período de abril de 2004 a março de 2005. RESULTADOS: Amostras de urina de 3.426 pacientes foram coletadas e analisadas. Um total de 448 (13,1 por cento) amostras foi positivo para cultura. Em 388 (86,6 por cento) casos houve crescimento de bacilos gram-negativos (BGN) e em 60 (13,4 por cento) casos, cocos gram-positivos (CGP). A análise estatística de co-morbidades revelou diferença significativa na proporção de pacientes com hipertensão (31,3 por cento com nitrito positivo versus 4,5 por cento com nitrito negativo, p < 0,05). Os pacientes com resultado de nitrito positivo relataram febre em proporção maior que os com nitrito negativo (75 por cento versus 43,2 por cento, respectivamente; p < 0,05). Staphylococcus aureus redutores de nitrato mostraram maior resistência à ciprofloxacina (66,7 por cento) quando em comparação com os isolados não-redutores (100 por cento sensíveis). CONCLUSÕES: Este estudo preliminar mostrou que a avaliação de sinais clínicos e sintomas, juntamente com o resultado de nitrito urinário na tira reagente, poderia auxiliar o médico na tomada de decisões importantes.

BACKGROUND: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is among the most common infections in medical center. Urinalysis tests detect significantly more gram-negative infections than those due to gram-positive bacteria because the urinary nitrite test does not detect the presence of gram-positive pathogens in many cases. OBJECTIVES: Explore the microbiology and frequency of UTI by coccus in symptomatic adult patients, comparing them with urinary nitrite results, in order to delineate the epidemiological profile of these patients. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Retrospective analysis was conducted from April 2004 through March 2005 at Health Center, Maringa, Brazil. RESULTS: Urine specimens from 3,426 patients were collected and examined. A total of 448 (13.1 percent) samples had positive culture results. There were 388 (86.6 percent) strains of gram-negative rods and 60 (13.4 percent) of gram-positive cocci. A statistical analysis of patients' comorbidities revealed a significant difference in the proportion of patients with hypertension (31.3 percent with positive nitrite vs. 4.5 percent with negative nitrite, p < 0.05). The proportion of patients with positive nitrite who had fever was larger than patients with negative nitrite (75 percent vs. 43.2 percent respectively, p < 0.05). Nitrate-reducing Staphylococcus aureus showed high level resistance to ciprofloxacin (66.7 percent) in comparison with nitrite-negative isolates (100 percent sensitive). CONCLUSIONS: This preliminary study had shown that evaluation of clinical signs and symptoms, together with urinary nitrite result, could help physician to take important decisions.

Asymptomatic bacteriuria in type 2 diabetic women in Iran

This study was performed to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors of asymptomatic bacteriuria [ASB] in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Iranian population. Between March 2003 and December 2003, 202 nonpregnant women with diabetes type 2 who were between 31 to 78 years old and had no abnormalities of the urinary tract system were included. We defined ASB as the presence of at least 105 colony-forming units/ml of 1 or 2 bacterial species, in two separated cultures of clean-voided midstream urine. All the participants were free from any symptoms of urinary tract infection [UTI]. Risk factors for developing bacteriuria was assessed and compared in participants with and without bacteriuria. In this study, the prevalence of ASB was 10.9% among diabetic women. E.coli was the most prevalent microorganism responsible for positive urine culture. Most of the isolated microorganisms were resistant to Co-trimoxazole, Nalidixic acid and Ciprofloxacin. Pyuria [P<0.001] and glucosuria [P<0.05] had meaningful relation with bacteriuria but no association was evident between age [P<0.45], duration of diabetes [P<0.09], macroalbuminuria [P<0.10] and HbA1c level [P<0.75], and the presence of ASB. The prevalence of ASB is more prevalent in women with type 2 diabetes, which pyuria and glucosuria can be considered as risk factors in this regard. Routine urine culture can be recommended for diabetic women even when there is not any urinary symptom

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli--a preliminary study.

Urinary isolates of Escherichia coli were studied for presence of haemolysin, adhesins, serum resistance and O serotype prevalence. Of the 144 isolates studied, 72 exhibited hemolysin, 7 were resistant to bactericidal effect of serum and 50 strains showed Mannose resistant Haemagglutination (MRHA). O101,O68,O04 and O25 were the commonest serotypes in this study.

Asymptomatic bacteriuria and inflammatory response urinary tract infection of elderly ambulatory women in nursing homes

Background. Bacteriuria = 10 to fifth CFU/ml is evidence of urinary tract infection in the absence of associated signs or symptoms. The presence of pyuria with asymptomatic bacteriuria established the response of elderly women against microorganisms capable of causing invasiveness or tissue injury of the urinary tract. Methods. The association between bacteriuria and pyuria was determined in 178 elderly, ambulatory women without symptoms of urinary tract infection in seven nursing homes. Urine culture results were subsequently analyzed in conjunction with absolute leukocyte count in urine. In this cross-sectional study, asymptomatic bacteriuria in elderly women was classified with and without pyuria. Results. The prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria was found in 44 (24.7 percent) elderly women. The presence of pyuria had a sensitivity of 63.6 percent for bacteriuria and a specificity of 91 percent. The positive predictive value for the presence of pyuria predicting those with bacteriuria was 70 percent, and the negative predictive value for the absence of pyuria predicting those without bacteriuria was 88.4 percent. Escherichia coli was the most common organism isolated in 81.8 percent of the women. Conclusions. bacteriuria = 10 to fifth CFU/ml associated with pyuria was detected in 77 percent of elderly women with asymptomatic urinary tract infections bacteriuria of < 10 to fifth CFU/ml with pyuria proves less sensitive as an indicator of urinary tract infection. Elderly women with pyuria but without bacteriuria should be studied for other causes of urinary tractinflammation